Study Guide Animal
Parasitology
Chapters 18-25
Warning: These questions are only a guide, they are not
meant to take the place of reading the text and studying the class notes. You are responsible for the material covered
in class even though I may have forgotten to cover it in this study guide.
Chapter 18
Subclass Digenea -
continued
Order
Plagiorchiformes
Dicrocoelium dendriticum is usually a parasite of what kind of animals? How do these animals become infected?
Dicrocoelium dendriticum is found where in the body of the host?
Dicrocoelium dendriticum has an interesting morphological feature - what is
it?
In the Dicrocoelium dendriticum life cycle,
how do the cercaria leave the snail first intermediate host?
In the Dicrocoelium dendriticum life cycle, how
does the second intermediate host be come infected? What is the second intermediate host?
How does the metacercaria of Dicrocoelium
dendriticum affect the second intermediate host?
In what geographical area(s) is Dicrocoelium
dendriticum found?
What is another example (name another parasite) that
has an effect on the behavior of the second intermediate host. What is the final host for this parasite?
As adults, Paragonimus spp. are all parasites
of what kind of animal?
The adults of Paragonimus westermani are found
where in the body of the host?
What are the second intermediate hosts for Paragonimus
westermani?
How does man become infected by Paragonimus westermani?
What type of
food preparations might appear "cooked" but do not kill parasites?
Besides the normal location for the adult of Paragonimus westermani, where else
might the parasites be found and what affect might these have on the host?
What is the most distinctive morphological feature of
Paragonimus westermani?
In what geographical area(s) is Paragonimus
westermani found?
In what geographical area(s) is Nanophyetus
salmincola found?
What is the common name of Clonorchis sinensis?
In what geographical area(s) is Clonorchis
sinensis found?
What morphological characters distinguish Clonorchis
sinensis?
Where in the body of the host are Clonorchis
sinensis adults found?
What is the second intermediate host for Clonorchis
sinensis? What form (life cycle
stage) is found in this host?
What practices by humans have enhanced the incidence
of this parasite? How do humans become
infected with this parasite?
How are infections of Clonorchis sinensis
diagnosed? What is the treatment?
What morphological character distinguishes Heterophyes
heterophyes?
Where in the host are adult Heterophyes
heterophyes found?
What kind of fish are the most common hosts for the
metacercaria of Heterophyes heterophyes?
Do you think Heterophyes heterophyes could
parasitize people in Puerto Rico? How
do humans become infected with this parasite?
What is a complication of infection by Heterophyes
heterophyes that is common in the Philippines?
Parasites may be vectors of other diseases. Name a digenetic trematode that is a vector
of a rickettsial disease.
What is a treatment for digenetic trematodes?
Chapter 19
Class
Monogenea
Monogenea are mostly parasites of what animals? Where on these animals are they found?
What is the major attachment organ in Monogenea
called?
Do Monogenea have a digestive tract?
Are monogenea monoecious or dioecius?
What are the life cycle stages of monogenea called?
What artificial situation enhances the density of
Monogenean parasites?
Chapter 20
Class
Cestoidea
How do cestodes differ from the digenea?
As adults, cestodes (Eucestoda) are parasites of what
group of animals?
What are the three regions of the body of cestodes?
An individual segment in the chain of segments in
cestodes is called what?
A narrow, unsegmented, undifferentiated area just
posterior of the scolex is called what?
What is the process of forming the chain of
segments called?
Define immature, mature and gravid segments.
What are two different types of attachment organs on
the head of a tapeworm?
What type of scolex has two (sometimes four and six)
longitudinally arranged, shallow depressions?
The "skin" of cestodes is called what?
What unique structures are found on the surface of
the "skin" of cestodes?
What type of cells form the osmoregulatory system of
cestodes?
What type of nervous system is found in cestodes?
As segments are pushed posteriad during development
what sex organs develop first? What
advantage might there be for having one sex develop before another?
How many testes do cestodes have? How many ovaries?
What is the pattern of arrangement of vitelline cells
in the cestodes?
In some cestode species, posterior segments filled
with eggs may break off the end of the chain and pass out of the body of the
host. What is this process is called?
What type of scolex has four muscular suction cups in
the equatorial region? What is another
type of scolex (with another type of attachment organ)?
Pseudiphyllidean tapeworm eggs are
characterized morphologically by having ...
Dipylidean tapeworm eggs are characterized
morphologically by having ...
Taenioid tapeworm eggs are characterized
morphologically by having ...
What do you call the two basic life cycle patterns in
human tapeworm infections? What type of
life (habitat) is each adapted for?
What are the intermediate stages in the two basic
life cycle patterns of human tapeworm infection?
Cestodes are more closely related to Digenea,
Turbellarians or Monogenea?
Chapter 21
Order
Pseudophyllidea
What is the common name for Diphyllobothrium latum?
What morphological features distinguish Diphyllobothrium
latum?
What is the morphology of the egg in Diphyllobothrium
latum?
What features characterize the proglottid of Diphyllobothrium
latum?
The life cycle of Diphyllobothrium latum
includes what life cycle stages?
Diphyllobothrium latum is apolytic or anapolytic?
What is the first intermediate host of Diphyllobothrium
latum? What is the second?
How does a human become infected with Diphyllobothrium
latum?
What unusual deficiency occurs with Diphyllobothrium
latum infections?
What is a condition in humans caused by plerocercoid
larvae of several pseudophyllidean tapeworms infecting tissues?
Order
Cyclophyllidea
The immature worms of taeniid tapeworms are commonly
called what?
What group of animals serve as the intermediate hosts
for taeniid tapeworms?
What is the species of the beef tapeworm?
Geographically, where is the beef tapeworm found?
What is the morphology of the scolex of the beef
tapeworm? How does it differ from the
pork tapeworm?
How is the proglottid of the beef tapeworm
distinguished from the proglottid of the pork tapeworm?
How is the egg of the beef tapeworm distinguished
from the egg of the pork tapeworm?
How do humans become infected with beef
tapeworm? How can human infections be
prevented?
Where in the body of the beef do the parasites live?
What are the intermediate
hosts for the beef tapeworm? - the
final host?
How does the intermediate host become infected with
the larval stage of this tapeworm?
A common name for a cysticercus is what?
The human pork tapeworm is what species?
How are humans infected with Taenia solium? What are the life cycle stages of Taenia
solium?
What are the intermediate hosts for the pork tapeworm? - the final host?
The proglottid of Taenia solium is
characterized by what morphology?
In pigs, cysticerci are found in what organs? How did they manage to get to these sites?
How does a pig become infected with the pork tapeworm?
The cysticerci of beef or pork tapeworm is more
likely to infect humans?
In human cysticercosis, what organs can be infected?
How can infections by pork tapeworm be
prevented?
How does a human become infected with
cysticerci? How can this be prevented?
How are infections by adult pork tapeworms detected?
What is unusual about the strobila of Echinococcus?
Describe the scolex of Echinococcus granulosus.
What life cycle stages are found in Echinococcus?
What are intermediate hosts for Echinococcus?
The definitive hosts of Echinococcus are what
kind of animals?
Are humans intermediate of definitive hosts for Echinococcus?
The life cycle of
Echinococcus takes advantage of what relationship between
intermediate and final hosts?
What is the most dangerous life cycle stage of Echinococcus?
How do humans become infected with Echinococcus?
What group of humans are most likely to become
infected with Echinococcus?
How do domestic dogs become infected with Echinococcus?
What are hydatids in visceral tissue of humans
called. It is the least pathogenic and
most common form.
In Echinococcus multilocularis,
hydatids have a thin wall and are difficult to distinguish from surrounding
tissue. Connective tissue septa divide
the cyst into numerous irregular compartments called what?
Family
Hymenolepididae
What is the common name of Vampirolepis nana ?
The proglottid of Vampirolepis nana is
characterized by having what morphology?
The life cycle of Vampirolepis nana includes
what stages?
What is unusual about the life cycle of Vampirolepis
nana?
What group of humans is most affected by Vampirolepis
nana?
What animals can serve as possible intermediate hosts
of Vampirolepis nana?
What animal besides humans can serve as a definitive
host for Vampirolepis nana?
How are infections by Vampirolepis nana
contracted?
How can human infections of Vampirolepis nana
be prevented?
What is autoinfection and how might it affect the
host?
Hymenolepis diminuta is commonly a parasite of what animal?
How does the scolex of Hymenolepis diminuta
differ from that of Vampirolepis
nana?
What are the intermediate hosts for Hymenolepis
diminuta?
Can humans become infected with this worm?
Why do we talk about this parasite – what is its
importance?
Family
Dilepididae
Dipylidium caninum is usually a parasite of what domestic animal(s)?
How can human infections of Dipylidium caninum
be prevented?
What is unusual about the uterus of Dipylidium
caninum?
What happens to the eggs of Dipylidium caninum?
What morphological features distinguish the
proglottid of Dipylidium caninum?
It is said that the free proglottid of Dipylidium
caninum looks like some type of seed, what is it?
What is an intermediate host for Dipylidium
caninum?
How do humans become infected with Dipylidium
caninum?
What group of
humans is most affected by Dipylidium caninum?
What is the smallest adult tapeworm found in man
What is the largest adult tapeworm found in man?
What is the most common tapeworm found in man?
A practice exam for some of this material is included
at
http://www.ksu.edu/parasitology/classes/625exam1.html
Chapter 22
Phylum Nematoda
What is a common name of nematodes?
Nematodes are divided into two classes based on the
presence of minute sensory structures called what?
The body of a nematode contains a body cavity called
what?
Nematodes have a complete or incomplete digestive
system?
Describe the body wall of nematodes. What are the
three basic components?
What two types of chemoreceptor organs are there in
nematodes and where are they located on the body of the worm?
How are muscles arranged in Nematodes?
What are the main nerve centers in nematodes?
What is the hydrostatic skeleton?
The excretory system of nematodes is composed of what
cells?
How many times does a nematode molt before becoming
an adult?
How many juvenile stages are there?
What are some morphological differences between male
and female nematodes.
How many testes do nematodes have?
How many ovaries do nematodes have?
What are the layers formed in the shell of the egg of
nematdes?
What are rhabditiform larvae?
What are filariform larvae?
What are microfilariae?
Chapter 23
Trichuris truchiura
What is the common name for Trichuris truchiura?
In what group of people are Trichuris truchiura
infections most commonly found?
What is the life cycle of Trichuris truchiura?
How are Trichuris truchiura infections
acquired?
What is unique about the morphology of Trichuris
truchiura?
What glandular cells are found along the esophagus of
Trichuris truchiura?
What ecological conditions are necessary for the
survival and transmission of Trichuris truchiura?
How are Trichuris infections diagnosed?
What are some of the symptoms of Trichuris
infections?
What chemotherapy is effective against Trichuris
truchiura?
What behavioral modifications might help prevent the
transmission of Trichuris truchiura?
Trichinella spiralis
What are some of the species of Trichiella?
Which species is the most common in temperate and
tropical areas?
What is the name of the disease caused by Trichiella?
What is the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis?
What unique structure is formed in the host cell that
supports life for Trichinella spiralis juveniles in muscle tissue?
How are Trichinella spiralis infections
acquired?
How can Trichinella spiralis infections be
avoided?
What is the infectious stage of Trichinella
spiralis?
What is Urban or domestic trichinosis? What hosts are involved in the perpetuation
of disease?
What is sylvatic trichinosis?
What are the three clinical phases of Trichinella
infection?
How are Trichinella infections prevented?
What is the treatment for Trichinella
infections?
How is trichinosis diagnosed?
What is the most common
nematode infection of man?
Chapter 24
Strongyloides stercoralis –
Why is this an unusual
worm?
The parasitic worms are all
what sex?
The free living phase
occurs where? If conditions turn unfavorable
what happens?
In the parasitic phase -
what happens? What is the migratory
route of the J3's in the body of the host?
How does autoinfection
occur? What are some of the results of
autoinfection?
How do humans contract this
infection? (2 ways).
What geographic area is
affected by this worm? What other
animals may serve as sources of human infection?
How does this worm affect
the skin due to penetration?
How does this worm affect
the lungs? What symptoms may be
experienced? What do these symptoms
resemble?
How does this worm affect
the intestine due to penetration of the mucosa? What symptoms may be experienced?
How is this infection
diagnosed? What samples can be examined
What is the treatment?
How can infection be
prevented?
Chapter 25
Human hookworm –
Hookworms infect nearly how
many people world-wide?
What two species of
hookworm infect humans?
Which is larger in size?
What hosts are infected by
each species?
What is a distinctive
morphological feature of male hookworms?
What morphological or
anatomical feature can be used to distinguish the species regardless of sex?
What stage hatches out of a
hookworm egg?
What stage is the infective
stage?
Where is the infective
stage found?
How does a human become
infected with hookworms?
What is the migratory route
of the larvae of hookworms once they enter the body of the host?
Where in the body of the
host does the final molt take place?
What four factors are
needed for the spread of hookworm?
What is the common name of
the inflammatory reaction that is elicited by the entry of larval hookworms?
In heavy infections of
hookworms, what pathological effect may be seen in the lungs of the host?
Once in the intestine what
do hookworms eat?
How many worms of each
species are necessary for a severe pathological effect to occur?
What are some of the
pathological effects of infection by hookworms?
What climatic conditions
favor transmission of this parasite?
How are hookworms
diagnosed?
What is the treatment?
How can hookworm infections
be prevented?
Define cutaneous larval
migrans or creeping eruption.
What are the species
usually involved in this condition?