BIOL 5005. ELEMENTARY PLANT ANATOMY (II) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisite: BIOL 3435 or BIOL 3417 or authorization of the Director of the Department.

The study of simple and complex tissues of the organs of vascular plants; the study of the characteristics of parenchyma, sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells, as well as the elements composing the xylem and phloem tissues.

BIOL 5007. GENERAL PLANT MORPHOLOGY (II) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisite: BIOL 3417 or BIOL 3435 or authorization of the Director of the Department.

The general principles of plant morphology, including evolutionary tendencies, phylogenetic lines and the life cycles of the principal groups of plants.

BIOL 5009. PTERIDOLOGY (On demand). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisite: BIOL 3417 or BIOL 3435 or authorization of the Director of the Department.

Lectures and laboratories on the morphology, taxonomy and ecological distribution of the local ferns and their allies. Assigned readings and field trips.

BIOL 5016. PLANT EVOLUTION (I) (Odd numbered years). Two credit hours. Two hours of lecture per week. Prerequisite: BIOL 3417 or BIOL 3435 or authorization of the Director of the Department.

Analysis of the geological, morphological, anatomical, physiological, and geographical evidence showing how the different plant phyla have evolved, with emphasis on the evolution of tracheophytes. Assigned reading reports.

BIOL 5017. TROPICAL BRYOLOGY (On demand). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisite: BIOL 3417 or authorization of the Director of the Department.

The biology of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, emphasizing the structure, identification, reproduction, and ecology of the native species of Puerto Rico. Field trips required.

BIOL 5018. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (II). Four credit hours. Three hours of lecture and one laboratory of three hours per week. Prerequisites: BIOL 3417 or BIOL 3435 or authorization of the Director of the Department. Corequisite: QUIM 3032 or QUIM 3062 or QUIM 3463 or authorization of the Director of the Department.

Plant physiology: diffusion, transpiration, absorption and transport, mineral nutrition, metabolism, growth and development, hormones, effects of environmental factors.

BIOL 5045. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisite: Authorization of the Director of the Department.

Theoretical and practical aspects of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) with emphasis on sample preparation for SEM, detection of the different types of signals emitted by the specimen, and image analysis.

BIOL 5397. EUKAKYOTIC MOLECULAR GENETICS. Four credit hours. Two hours of lecture and two four-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisites: (BIOL 3300 and QUIM 5071) or authorization of the Director of the Department.

Genome complexity; gene structure, regulation of transcription; mRNA processing; transposons; signal transduction; the genetics of development, the cell cycle, and cancer; research techniques in molecular genetics.

BIOL 5416. HERPETOLOGY (I). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week.

A study of the biology, classification and morphology of amphibians and reptiles, with emphasis on local species. Field trips.

BIOL 5417. ICHTHYOLOGY (On demand). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week.

A study of the biology, classification and morphology of fishes, with emphasis on local species. Field trips.

BIOL 5585. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY (I) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week.

This course offers the student interested in entomology, animal husbandry or veterinary science, an opportunity to become familiar with the recognition, characteristics, habits and control of insects, ticks, mites, and other arthropods that attack man and domestic animals.

BIOL 5755. VIROLOGY (I). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisite: BIOL 3770 or authorization of the Director of the Department.

The classification, structure, physiology and biochemical activities of viruses.

BIOL 5758. BACTERIAL GENETICS. Two credit hours. Two hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: BIOL 3300 or BIOL 3770 or authorization of the Director of the Department.

DNA replication and expression in the prokaryotic cell; transfer of genetic information; the impact of genetic processes on the physiology and ecology of bacteria.

BIOL 5759. BACTERIAL GENETICS LABORATORY. Two credit hours. Two four-hour laboratory periods per week. Co-requisite: BIOL 5758.

Molecular techniques for the study of the genetics of bacteria and bacteriophages. Practical experiences in the processes of recombination, complementation, the control of genetic expression, and the transmission of genetic information among microorganisms.

BIOL 5765. MYCOLOGY (II) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisite: BIOL 3770 or authorization of the Director of the Department.

A study of the morphology, physiology, classification and relation of fungi to man. Emphasis is given to the isolation and identification of the different groups.

BIOL 5815. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (I). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week.

A study of activities and responses of animals in meeting their life requirements. Field trips.

BIOL 5955. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODS IN ECOLOGY (II) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. One hour of lecture and two three-hour laboratory periods per week. Prerequisite: authorization of the Director of the Department.

Field and laboratory exercises serve to introduce the student to the basic methods used in ecological research. The student is trained in the use of computers for the analysis of ecological data.

BIOL 5990. FIELD BIOLOGY WORKSHOP (On demand). One to three credit hours. Thirty to sixty hours of workshop/practice per credit. Prerequisite: authorization of the Director of the Department.

Intensive practical experience in selected areas of field biology, in or outside of Puerto Rico. A final written report will be required.

BIOL 6015. INSECT MORPHOLOGY (I) (Odd numbered years). Four credit hours. Two hours of lecture and two two-hour laboratories per week.

A study of the general internal and external morphology of insects.

BIOL 6155. PLANT ECOLOGY (II) (Odd numbered years). Four credit hours. Two hours of lecture and two three-hour laboratories per week. Prerequisite: authorization of the Director of the Department.

The interrelations of plants and environment; climatic, edaphic, and biotic factors in their relation to origin, development, and structures of vegetation; introduction to ecological fieldwork and the methods of ecological research. Practice is given in the recognition of associations, determination, and description of their structure, and relationships and measurements of environmental factors. Reports required.

BIOL 6199. BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY (II) (Odd numbered years). Three credit hours. Three hours of lecture per week.

Recent developments in behavioral ecology. Evolutionary and ecological models applied to the behavioral problems of survival and reproduction. Integration of theory with field and laboratory evidences. Field trips required.

BIOL 6356. CYTOGENETICS (II) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week.

A study of different aspects of the cell that affect inheritance.

BIOL 6369. POPULATION GENETICS (II) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. Three hours of lecture per week.

Genetic variation in natural populations of both plants and animals in different communities, covering selection, migration, mutations, mating systems, and the effect of population size on the maintenance of genetic variation.

BIOL 6605. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND DISTURBANCE (II) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisite: authorization of the Director of the Department.

An ecological consideration of pollution and disturbance of the environment; the effects of industrial, domestic and other pollutants of the ecosystem; the physical, chemical and biological parameters used in pollution control and abatement. Field trips.

BIOL 6607. POPULATION ECOLOGY (I) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week.

Study of populations for analysis of the control and interaction among them. Topics such as mortality, fertility, population growth, competition and predator-prey interaction will be discussed.

BIOL 6610. LIMNOLOGY (II) (Odd numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week.

A study of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics and interrelations of these factors in aquatic situations; community structure in still and running water; studies of local streams and ponds.

BIOL 6617. ADVANCED GENETICS (I) (Odd numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisite: authorization of the Director of the Department.

Discussion of selected topics in genetics.

BIOL 6631. CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY (I). Four credit hours. Three hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week.

The interconversions of energy in living cells; photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism as energy sources; the utilization of metabolic energy for protein synthesis; solute and solvent movements; nerve and muscle phenomena. Emphasis on metabolic regulation and enzyme action.

BIOL 6635. MEDICAL MYCOLOGY (I) (Odd numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisite: authorization of the Director of the Department.

A study of the fungi pathogenic to man.

BIOL 6637. TAXONOMY AND MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI (I) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week.

A thorough coverage of the phycomycetes, ascomycetes, deuteromycetes and basidiomycetes from a taxonomical and morphological approach, with emphasis on saprophytes, zoopathogens and phytopathogens.

BIOL 6642. ADVANCED MYCOLOGY (I) (Odd numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week.

A study of fungi with emphasis on current literature and methods of research.

BIOL 6650. BACTERIAL DIVERSITY. Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and two hour-and-a-half laboratories per week.

The diversity of prokaryotic organisms in relation to ecophysiological and evolutionary perspectives, emphasizing their isolation, identification, and application.

BIOL 6688. SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY FOR BIOLOGISTS (I). Two credit hours. Two three-hour laboratories per week. Prerequisite: authorization of the Director of the Department.

Photographic techniques in biological research. A presentation and a portfolio of the student's work are required.

BIOL 6689. BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODS (I). Two credit hours. Two hours of lecture per week.

Methods and theory of investigation in the biological field, including study of the biological literature and sources of information from major institutions active in this field. The student is required to write a research proposal in his area of interest.

BIOL 6690. GRADUATE SEMINAR (I). One credit hour. Two hours of lecture per week.

Discussion of recent literature in biology and related fields. Students will discuss principal topics in their special fields.

BIOL 6705. ADVANCED FOOD MICROBIOLOGY (I) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week.

Microbiology of food commodities. The nature and function of beneficial and harmful microorganisms. Foodborne diseases. Effects of food processing and storage on microorganisms.

BIOL 6990. RESEARCH (I, II). One to six credit hour periods per week.

Research for a thesis.

BIOL 6991-6992. SPECIAL STUDIES IN BIOLOGY (I, II)-(I, II). One to three credit hours per semester. One to three research periods per week each semester.

Supervised research in some special topics of biology other than a thesis problem, but designed to provide experience and training in scientific investigation.

BIOL 6993. SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOLOGY I (On demand). One to six credit hours. One to six hours of lecture per week.

Selected topics in biology, botany, microbiology, and zoology.

BIOL 6994. SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOLOGY II (On demand). One to six credit hours. One to six hours of lecture per week.

Selected topics in biology, botany, microbiology, and zoology.

BIOL 6997. SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOLOGY: LABORATORY (On demand). One to six credit hours. One to six two-to four-hour laboratories per week.

Laboratory practice of selected topics in biology, botany, microbiology, and zoology.

BOTA 6006. PHYSIOLOGY OF BACTERIA (II). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week.

The physiology of bacteria and the biochemistry of microbic processes.

BOTA 6007. PHYTOGEOGRAPHY (II) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. Three hours of lecture per week. Prerequisite: authorization of the Director of the Department.

A study of the geographical distribution of plants, with special emphasis on the ecological and historical factors affecting their distribution.

ZOOL 5005. INVERTEBRATES OF PUERTO RICO (I) (Odd numbered years). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one-three hour laboratory per week.

Taxonomy and ecology of the most common invertebrates of Puerto Rico, especially Arthropoda (exclusive of insects and marine forms) and Mollusca. Field trips.

ZOOL 6019. ADVANCED PARASITOLOGY. Four credit hours. Three lectures and one three-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisite: authorization of the Director of the Department.

Lectures, conferences, reading and laboratory work dealing with practical problems of classification, morphology and host relations of animal parasites.

ZOOL 6025. SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY (II) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. Three hours of lecture per week.

The naming and classification of animals, rules and basis of nomenclature, quantitative methods of analysis, and methods for presentation of systematic findings.

ZOOL 6039. ANIMAL ECOLOGY (On demand). Three credit hours. Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisite: authorization of the Director of the Department.

A study of the principles of ecology as applied to animals.

ZOOL 6056. ZOOGEOGRAPHY (I) (Even numbered years). Three credit hours. Three hours of lecture per week.

A study of the geographical distribution of animals, with special emphasis on factors affecting this distribution. Assigned readings and reports.

ZOOL 6058. INSECT TAXONOMY (II) (Odd numbered years). Three credit hours. One hour of lecture and two two-hour laboratory periods per week.

The classification of the hexapoda. Construction of keys, preparation of description, nomenclatural problems, faunistic and monographic studies, catalogs and bibliographies.