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[1]
Esta introducción
al trabajo del Comité
ha sido preparada por Jorge J. Ferrer,
Ph.D., en agosto de 2007.
[2] JONSEN A. R., The
Ethics of Research With Human Subjects: A Short History, en
JONSEN A. R., VEATCH R. M., WALTERS L. (Eds.), Source Book in Bioethics. A
Documentary History, 7.
[3] Una presentación
resumida y suficientemente
clara de los principales
casos de abuso en
la investigación con seres
humanos que dan origen a la intervención del Gobierno
Federal se pueden encontrar
en AMDUR R. J., A
Brief History of the IRB System, en AMDUR R. J., BANKETT
E.A., Institutional
Review Board. Member Handbook , 2nd edition, Boston, Jones and
Bartlett, 2007, 7-19. La bibliografía sobre este tema es muy amplia.
[4] 45 CFR 46.103.
[5] Con frecuencia se debate si el IRB debe ocuparse también de los aspectos científicos de una propuesta de investigación. No hay duda
que el Comité necesita entender los aspectos científicos del protocolo que tiene ante su consideración. No se puede
juzgar si el riesgo de los participantes
es proporcionado a
los beneficios esperados
si no se entiende
la ciencia que está involucrada y la solidez de los métodos que se van a emplear. Por eso el IRB necesita tener entre sus miembros a personas expertas
en la investigación o, en su
defecto, a consultar
con expertos ad hoc. De lo contrario,
no estaría cumpliendo
con sus funciones. Según la opinión más autorizada, avalada por documentos nacionales e internacionales, el Comité
tiene la potestad y
el deber de hacerlo:
“…there is no question that the IRB not only
has the authority to evaluate scientific quality, but it also has the
obligation to do so if it is to function in compliance with accepted
ethical codes and federal research regulations (AMDUR R. J., Evaluating Design and
Quality, en AMDUR R. J., BANKERT E. A., Institutional Review Boards.
Member Handbook ,
86.).” Ciertamente el Código de Nürenberg (Número 3), la Declaración de Helsinki (Párrafos 11, 18 y 29) y 45 CFR 56.111 (a) requieren que el diseño de investigación
sea sólido y esté científicamente justificado.
De otra manera no
se ve cómo podrían justificarse los riesgos e inconvenientes para los sujetos ni la inversión de recursos siempre escasos. Además, no se debe olvidar que el Comité y la Institución (de manera
especial el signatary official) son responsables de los eventuales
resultados negativos
y daños a los sujetos.
Ya ha habido demandas a los miembros
de los IRB en su carácter
personal, aunque hasta ahora
no ha prevalecido ninguna
en los tribunales, hasta donde
yo he podido investigar.
[6] §46.111
Criteria for IRB approval of research.
(a) In order to approve research covered by this policy the IRB
shall determine that all of the following requirements are satisfied:
1. Risks to subjects are
minimized: (i) by using procedures which are
consistent with sound research design and which do not unnecessarily expose
subjects to risk, and (ii) whenever appropriate, by using procedures
already being performed on the subjects for diagnostic or treatment
purposes.
2. Risks to subjects are
reasonable in r el ation to anticipated
benefits, if any, to subjects, and the importance of the knowledge that
may reasonably be expected to result. In evaluating risks and benefits,
the IRB should consider only those risks and benefits that may result
from the research (as distinguished from risks and benefits of
therapies subjects would receive even if not participating in the
research). The IRB should not consider possible long-range effects of
applying knowledge gained in the research (for example, the possible
effects of the research on public policy) as among those research risks
that fall within the purview of its responsibility.
3. Selection of subjects is
equitable. In making this assessment the IRB should take into account
the purposes of the research and the setting in which the research will
be conducted and should be particularly cognizant of the special
problems of research involving vulnerable populations, such as
children, prisoners, pregnant women, mentally disabled persons, or
economically or educationally disadvantaged persons.
4. Informed consent will be
sought from each prospective subject or the subject's legally
authorized representative, in accordance with, and to the extent
required by §46.116
.
5. Informed consent will be
appropriately documented, in accordance with, and to the extent
required by §46.117 .
6. When appropriate, the
research plan makes adequate provision for monitoring the data
collected to ensure the safety of subjects.
7. When appropriate, there are
adequate provisions to protect the privacy of subjects and to maintain
the confidentiality of data.
(b)
When some or all of the subjects are likely to be vulnerable to
coercion or undue influence, such as children, prisoners, pregnant
women, mentally disabled persons, or economically or educationally
disadvantaged persons, additional safeguards have been included in the
study to protect the rights and w el fare of these subjects.
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